RV Battery
Types of Batteries
There are different battery types for very different purposes. In this article we will be referring to the "chassis" battery and the "coach" battery. A "chassis" battery starts the engine and runs the automotive systems in either the motor home or the tow vehicle. A "coach" battery powers the lights, furnace, water pump and other 12 volt devices in the coach.
Starting Battery - this battery is designed to supply a large amount of current when needed to start the engine on a motor home or tow vehicle, and then be immediately recharged by the vehicles alternator. Deep discharging of this type will drastically shorten the life of the battery.
Marine Starting Battery - This battery is a compromise between the starting battery and the true deep cycle battery. The plates are heavier and more firmly mounted to endure the pounding of a marine application.
Deep Cycle Battery - this battery is built with heavy plates and other internal modifications to enable it to deliver a reletively small amount of current over an extended period of time. Care must be taken when recharging at high amperage settings and limitations exist to prevent plate warping.
Batteries and Battery Charging
The battery (or batteries) supply your RV with 12 volt DC electrical power to operate the lights, water pump, furnace and other appliances. They should be viewed as a storage tank for electricity and as such they have certain limitations.
The capacity of the battery relates to the amount of electrical power that the battery can store and that capacity will determine how long your lights will burn and how long your furnace will operate, before the battery will need to be recharged. You can increase the storage capacity of your battery by installing a larger size or by installing multiple batteries, depending on your camping requirements.
If you normally travel from RV park to RV park, where hookups are available, then one battery will be sufficient. However, if you "dry camp" at remote locations for more than a day or two, you will need more storage and some way to refill that storeage capacity.
Deep cycle batteries (or any battery, for that matter), should be recharged as soon as possible for longer service life. A deeply discharged battery should be slow charged over a long period of time, say at 2 amps for 72 hours or more to avoid excessive heat in the battery.
If you leave your battery on a charger, either the one built into the converter or a separate charger, for long periods of time, make sure charger voltage is between 13.25 and 13.75 volts. Anything above 14V will overcharge the battery and "boil" off a lot of the battery water.
State of charge chart for 12 volt batteries:
- 12.70 volts 100%
- 12.50 volts 90%
- 12.42 volts 80%
- 12.32 volts 70%
- 12.20 volts 60%
- 12.06 volts 50%
- 11.90 volts 40%
- 11.75 volts 30%
- 11.58 volts 20%
- 11.31 volts 10%
- 10.50 volts 0%
Batteries should be checked after at least 3 hrs. rest.
Batteries Isolators and Charging Relays
Battey isolators are devices used to allow the RV battery to be charged by the vehicle alternator while the engine is running. When the ignition is turned off, the RV battery and the starting battery are effectively disconnected or "isolated" from each other. Relays are an alternative method of achieving the same thing.
Isolators use electronic circuitry to divide the alternator output between the two batteries. Diodes (one way electrical components) are used to prevent the RV battery from draining the starting battery when dry-camping.
Relays are electro-mechanical devices that basically do the same thing as a battery isolator. Relays are simple switching devices that use a tigger current from the ignition system to connect the RV battery and the starting battery together when the engine is running. When the ignition switch is turned off, the trigger current is also turned off and the switch opens (disconnecting the two batteries). This allows the RV battery to be charged from the vehicles alternator when the engine is running, but prevents the RV electrical system from depleting the staring battery while camping. A continuous duty relay should be used as opposed to the typical starting relay. These are available at most RV supply outlets. Wiring Diagram
Converter
The converters primary job is to convert 110VAC to 12VDC for use when plugged
in to shore power. The battery charging part is a secondary function and the
charger is not very "smart". Meaning that it's meant for a maintenance charge
and does not monitor the requirements or state of charge of the battery to
any great extent.
Note: the newer converters are doing a little better in this regard. Using a quality external charger that charges fast and the tapers off when the battery comes near fully charged helps to prolong the life of the battery. In the old days, before converters, trailers had two separate lighting systems. 12 volt lights that were run from the trailer battery, and 120 volt lights that were used when plugged into shore power.
Newer trailers eliminate the need for these two systems and convert the 120 volt incoming AC power to 12 volt DC power to run the 12 volt lighting system. The converter also has a built in charge circuit to charge the trailer battery when on shore power. Inverters are used when boon-docking to provide a limited supply of 110 volt AC power. They take the electrical energy developed through chemical reations in the battery bank and convert it to useable 110 volt AC current. The amount of current is limited by the battery storage capacity.
Solar power is energy supplied from sunshine. This energy is converted by a solar panel into electrical current.
This electrical current is stored in a battery bank to be used as required at a future time. This voltage is controlled by a regulator to provide useful energy to charge the battery bank.